RISK FACTORS RELATED TO BREAST CANCER DEVELOPMENT
Keywords:
breast cancer, risk factors, neoplasmsAbstract
Breast cancer is a disease that affects women worldwide, and therefore is a health problem of global concern. Despite scientific and technological advances in basic researches and in clinical studies, breast cancer still presents numerous obstacles that need to be overcome in order to ensure better survival for patients affected by this disease. Science’s work is not only to predict the best methods of treatment, but also to prevent the onset of symptoms and, consequently, of the tumor. Recent articles discuss numerous factors which may contribute to tumor initiation and progression. They take into consideration social habits, such as smoking, alcohol drinking, diets that contribute to hyperlipidemia or increased availability of antagonist molecules that act on the cell in order to create a favorable microenvironment to tumorigenesis. In addition to that, factors related to family history and hereditary predisposition are important, even though they explain a minimal portion of cases. Thus, the purpose of this article is to address modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, related to breast cancer progression.
Downloads
References
Ghoncheh M, Mahdavifar N, Darvishi E, Salehiniya H. Epidemiology, Incidence and Mortality of Breast Cancer in Asia. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev [Internet]. 2016 [accessed on December 19, 2018];17(Supl. 3):47-52. Available on: http://koreascience.or.kr/journal/view.jsp?kj=POCPA9&py=2016&vnc=v17nsup3&sp=47 https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.S3.47
American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2018. United States: American Cancer Society; 2018.
Medimegh I, Omrane I, Privat M, Uhrhummer N, Ayari H, Belaiba F, et al. MicroRNAs expression in triple negative vs non triple negative breast cancer in Tunisia: Interaction with clinical outcome. PLoS One [Internet]. 2014 [accessed on December 22, 2018];9(11): e111877. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25369070 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111877
Global Cancer Observatory. All Cancers. Globocan. 2018.
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394-424. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492
Instituto Nacional de Cancer Jose Alencar Gomes da Silva. Estimativa 2018. Brazil: Ministerio da Saude/Instituto Nacional de Cancer Jose Alencar Gomes da Silva; 2018.
Feng Y, Spezia M, Huang S, Yuan C, Zeng Z, Zhang L, et al. Breast cancer development and progression: Risk factors, cancer stem cells, signaling pathways, genomics, and molecular pathogenesis. Genes Dis [Internet]. 2018 [accessed on December 22, 2018];5(2):77-106. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30258937 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2018.05.001
Guerrero VG, Baez AF, Gonzalez CGC, Gonzalez CGM. Monitoring modifiable risk factors for breast cancer: an obligation for health professionals. Rev Panam Salud Publica [Internet]. 2017 [accessed on December 22, 2018];41:e80. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28614486
Nikoli D, Grani M, Ivanovi N, Zdravkovi D, Nikoli A, Stanimirovi V, et al. Breast cancer and its impact in male transsexuals. Breast Cancer Res Treat [Internet]. 2018 [accessed on December 22, 2018];171(3):565- 9. Available on: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10549-018-4875-y https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-018-4875-y
Schmidt T, Van Mackelenbergh M, Wesch D, Mundhenke C. Physical activity influences the immune system of breast cancer patients. J Cancer Res Ther [Internet]. 2017 [accessed on December 22, 2018];13(3):392-8. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28862198 https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.150356
Lahart IM, Metsios GS, Nevill AM, Carmichael AR. Physical activity, risk of death and recurrence in breast cancer survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Acta Oncologica [Internet]. 2015 [accessed on December 22, 2018];54(5):635-54. Available on: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/0284186X.2014.998275 https://doi.org/10.3109/0284186X.2014.998275
Buss LA, Dachs GU. The Role of Exercise and Hyperlipidaemia in Breast Cancer Progression. Exerc Immunol Rev [Internet]. 2018 [accessed on February 16, 2019];24:10-25. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29461968
Adraskela K, Veisaki E, Koutsilieris M, Philippou A. Physical Exercise Positively Influences Breast Cancer Evolution. Clin Breast Cancer [Internet]. 2017 [accessed on February 16, 2019];17(6):408-17. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28606800 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2017.05.003
LoConte NK, Gershenwald JE, Thomson CA, Crane TE, Harmon GE, Rechis R. Lifestyle Modifications and Policy Implications for Primary and Secondary Cancer Prevention: Diet, Exercise, Sun Safety, and Alcohol Reduction. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ B [Internet]. 2018 [accessed on December 22, 2018];38:88-100. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30231343 https://doi.org/10.1200/EDBK_200093
Dandamudi A, Tommie J, Nommsen-Rivers L, Couch S. Dietary Patterns and Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review. Anticancer Res [Internet]. 2018 [accessed on December 24, 2018];38(6):3209-22. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29848668 https://doi.org/10.21873/ anticanres.12586
Ortega JAF. Cancer de mama y dieta: revision. Univ Salud [Internet]. 2010 [accessed on December 24, 2018];12(1):120-34. Available on: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0124-71072010000100014
Wu J, Zeng R, Huang J, Li X, Zhang J, Ho JCM, et al. Dietary protein sources and incidence of breast cancer: A doseresponse meta-analysis of prospective studies. Nutrients [Internet]. 2016 [accessed on December 24, 2018];8(11). Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27869663 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110730
Taha Z, Eltom SE. The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Women with Breast Cancer: An Update Review of Related Research in the Middle East. Biores Open Access [Internet]. 2018 [accessed on December 24, 2018];7(1):73-80. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29862141 https://doi.org/10.1089/ biores.2018.0004
Donovan MG, Selmin OI, Romagnolo DF. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Diet and Breast Cancer Risk. Yale J Biol Med [Internet]. 2018 [accessed on December 24, 2018];91(2):105-27. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29962921
Li J, Han X. Adipocytokines and breast cancer. Curr Problems Cancer [Internet]. 2018 [accessed on December 26, 2018];42(2):208-14. Available on: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147027217301216?via%3Dihub https://doi.org/10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2018.01.004
Picon-Ruiz M, Morata-Tarifa C, Valle-Goffin JJ, Friedman ER, Slingerland JM. Obesity and adverse breast cancer risk and outcome: Mechanistic insights and strategies for intervention. CA Cancer J Clin [Internet]. 2017 [accessed on December 24, 2018];67(5):378-97. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28763097 https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21405
Avgerinos KI, Spyrou N, Mantzoros CS, Dalamaga M. Obesity and Cancer Risk: Emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives. Metabolism [Internet]. 2018 [accessed on December 26, 2018];92:121-35. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30445141 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.001
Engin A. Obesity-associated breast cancer: Analysis of risk factors. In: Engin A, Engin A (eds.). Obesity and lipotoxicity. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology [Internet]. Springer; 2017 [accessed on December 24, 2018]. p. 571-606. Available on: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_25 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_25
Blucher C, Stadler SC. Obesity and breast cancer: Current insights on the role of fatty acids and lipid metabolism in promoting breast cancer growth and progression. Front Endocrinol [Internet]. 2017 [accessed on December 26, 2018];8:293. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29163362 https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00293
Xu M, Luo J. Alcohol and cancer stem cells. Cancers [Internet]. 2017 [accessed on December 26, 2018];9(11). Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29156633 https://doi. org/10.3390/cancers9110158
Castro GD, Castro JA. Alcohol drinking and mammary cancer: Pathogenesis and potential dietary preventive alternatives. World J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2014 [accessed on December 26, 2018];5(4):713-29. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25300769 https://doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v5.i4.713
Wang Y, Xu M, Ke ZJ, Luo J. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced aggressiveness of breast cancer. Pharmacol Res [Internet]. 2017 [accessed on December 26, 2018];115:299-308. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27939360 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.005
Kolak A, Kami ska M, Sygit K, Budny A, Surdyka D, Kukiełka- Budny B, et al. Primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer. Ann Agric Environ Med [Internet]. 2017 [accessed on December 26, 2018];24(4):549-53. Available on: http://www.journalssystem.com/aaem/Primary-and-secondaryprevention-of-breast-cancer,75943,0,2.html https://doi.org/10.26444/aaem/75943
Zakhari S, Hoek JB. Epidemiology of moderate alcohol consumption and breast cancer: Association or causation? Cancers [Internet]. 2018 [accessed on December 26, 2018];10(10). Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30249004 https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10100349
Pinsky PF. Lung cancer screening with low-dose CT: a worldwide view. Transl Lung Cancer Res [Internet]. 2018 [accessed on December 26, 2018];7(3):234-42. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30050762 https://doi.org/10.21037/tlcr.2018.05.12
Gankhuyag N, Lee KH, Cho JY. The Role of Nitrosamine (NNK) in Breast Cancer Carcinogenesis [Internet]. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2017 [accessed on December 26, 2018];22(3):159-70. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28664511 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-017-9381-z
Lee PN, Hamling JS. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk of breast cancer in nonsmoking women. An updated review and meta-analysis. Inhal Toxicol [Internet]. 2016 [accessed on December 26, 2018];28(10):431-54. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27541291 https://doi.org/10.1080/08958378.2016.1210701
Gaudet MM, Gapstur SM, Sun J, Ryan Diver W, Hannan LM, Thun MJ. Active smoking and breast cancer risk: Original cohort data and meta-analysis. J Nat Cancer Institute [Internet]. 2013 [accessed on December 26, 2018];105(8):515- 25. Available on: https://academic.oup.com/jnci/articlelookup/doi/10.1093/jnci/djt023 https://doi.org/10.1093/ jnci/djt023
Narod SA. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer. Nature Rev Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2011 [accessed on December 26, 2018];8:669-76. Available on: http://www.nature.com/articles/nrclinonc.2011.110
Wang K, Li F, Chen L, Lai Y-M, Zhang X, Li H-Y. Change in risk of breast cancer after receiving hormone replacement therapy by considering effect-modifiers: a systematic review and doseresponse meta-analysis of prospective studies. Oncotarget [Internet]. 2017 [accessed on December 26, 2018];8(46):81109-24. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29113371 https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.20154
Brewer HR, Jones ME, Schoemaker MJ, Ashworth A, Swerdlow AJ. Family history and risk of breast cancer: an analysis accounting for family structure. Breast Cancer Res Treat [Internet]. 2017 [accessed on December 28, 2018];165:193-200. Available on: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5511313/pdf/10549_2017_Article_4325.pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-017-4325-2
Haber G, Ahmed NU, Pekovic V. Family history of cancer and its association with breast cancer risk perception and repeat mammography. Am J Public Health [Internet]. 2012 [accessed on December 28, 2018];102(12):2322-9. Available on: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3519312/pdf/AJPH.2012.300786.pdf
Chang-Claude J, Andrieu N, Rookus M, Brohet R, Antoniou AC, Peock S, et al. Age at menarche and menopause and breast cancer risk in the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev [Internet]. 2007 [accessed on December 28, 2018];16(4):740-6. Available on: http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/16/4/740.full-text.pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0829
Mavaddat N, Antoniou AC, Easton DF, Garcia-Closas M. Genetic susceptibility to breast cancer. Mol Oncol [Internet]. 2010 [accessed on January 8, 2019];4(3):174-91. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20542480 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2010.04.011
Rudolph A, Chang-Claude J, Schmidt MK. Gene-environment interaction and risk of breast cancer. Brit J Cancer [Internet]. 2016 [accessed on January 8, 2019];114(2):125-33. Available on: https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2015.439
Mahdavi M, Nassiri M, Kooshyar MM, Vakili-Azghandi M, Avan A, Sandry R, et al. Hereditary breast cancer; Genetic penetrance and current status with BRCA. J Cell Physiol [Internet]. 2019 [accessed on January 8, 2019];234(5):5741-50. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30552672 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.27464
Michailidou K, Beesley J, Lindstrom S, Canisius S, Dennis J, Lush MJ, et al. Genome-wide association analysis of more than 120,000 individuals identifies 15 new susceptibility loci for breast cancer. Nat Genet [Internet]. 2015 [accessed on January 8, 2019];47(4):373-80. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25751625 https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3242
Santana dos Santos E, Lallemand F, Burke L, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Brown M, Caputo S, et al. Non-Coding Variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes: Potential Impact on Breast and Ovarian Cancer Predisposition. Cancers (Basel) [Internet]. 2018 [accessed on January 8, 2019];10(11). Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30453575 https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10110453
Davalos V, Martinez-Cardus A, Esteller M. The Epigenomic Revolution in Breast Cancer: From Single-Gene to Genome- Wide Next-Generation Approaches. Am J Pathol [Internet]. 2017 [accessed on January 8, 2019];187(10):2163-74. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28734945 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.07.002
Karsli-Ceppioglu S, Dagdemir A, Judes G, Ngollo M, Penault- Llorca F, Pajon A, et al. Epigenetic mechanisms of breast cancer: An update of the current knowledge. Epigenomics [Internet]. 2014 [accessed on January 8, 2019];6(6):651-64. Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25531258 https://doi.org/10.2217/epi.14.59
Klinge C. Non-Coding RNAs in Breast Cancer: Intracellular and Intercellular Communication. Non-Coding RNA [Internet]. 2018 [accessed on January 8, 2019];4(4). Available on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30545127 https://doi.org/10.3390/ncrna4040040
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Daniel Rodrigues de Bastos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
